The book emphasizes mainly on reproductive physiology and anatomy of domestic female animals as well as avian. In addition, the book discussed basic sciences that related to reproduction like blood biochemical constituents and metabolites, embryology, genetics, microbiology, pathology, parasitology preventive medicine and public health, surgery and anesthesiology, toxicology and pharmacology, internal medicine and animal husbandry. Finally, this book highlights the participation (20%) of the livestock in the Sudan in the growth domestic product (GDP). Also the book discussed the annual economic losses in the Sudan due to prolong inter-calving intervals and suggested the scientific solutions. In conclusion, the authors tried their best as much as possible to convey their practical experiences in the field. This scientific book is considered to be a recent reference for undergraduate students, postgraduate students and veterinarians.